4.1 Current status of organic livestock and poultry development in China
4.1.1 Overview of the development of organic livestock and poultry farming industry
In 2014, the main types of organic livestock in our country included beef cattle, dairy cattle, dual-purpose cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, donkeys, and several other species. In 2014, a total of 427 certificates were issued for organic livestock and poultry animals, comprising 382 organic certificates (89.46%) and 45 conversion certificates (10.54%). As shown in Figure 4-1, organic chickens accounted for the most at certificate, with 112 certificates, followed by pigs (101), sheep (99), cattle (83), and other animals (32).
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In 2014, the total output of livestock and poultry and their products produced in accordance with national standards was 1.056 million tonnes. Sheep, cattle and pigs are the main farmed livestock, including 4.14 million organic sheep, nearly 1.15 million organic cattle and nearly 163,000 organic pigs. In terms of output, the total output of organic livestock was
263,000 tonnes, of which organic sheep meat production was 130,000 tonnes, organic beef reached 113,000 tonnes, and organic pork was 14,000 tonnes, with the production of horses, donkeys, deer and other animals making up a smaller proportion.
(Figure 4-2).
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In poultry farming production, China raised a total of 1.428 million organic chickens (including broilers and layers) in 2014, holding a dominant position in organic poultry production; in addition, organic duck production ranked second, with a total volume reaching nearly 60,000, and organic geese stood at 40,000.
In terms of animal products, the total production volume in 2014 was 793,000 tonnes, of which organic cows' milk was the main animal product at 784,000 tonnes, accounting for 99.0% of total organic animal product production; the production of organic eggs was 4,000 tonnes, accounting for 0.5% of total organic animal product production.
4.1.2 Regional distribution of organic livestock and poultry farming industries
Except for Taiwan and Macao, organic livestock and poultry production takes place in the other 32 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions across China. The top five regions for organic pig farming are Heilongjiang, Anhui, Sichuan, Jilin, and Shandong, with their combined farming volume accounting for 70.9% of all organic pigs. These provinces are also major grain-producing regions, providing an abundant source of organic feed. In addition, 17 other provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions are also engaged in organic pig farming.
Organic beef cattle are farmed across 18 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, with the top five being Xinjiang, Qinghai, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia and Beijing; these five regions account for 92.3% of the total beef cattle farming. Xinjiang and Qinghai hold an absolute advantage in organic sheep farming, followed by Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Gansu in third to fifth place, and these five regions also account for the total number of organic sheep farmed
99.21 TP4T of the total organic sheep population. As can be seen from the above analysis, organic livestock farming is primarily concentrated in north-western China, where grazing is the predominant method.With regard to organic poultry farming, organic chickens account for the largest number. Organic chicken farming is practised in 26 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions across the country, with Beijing, Guangdong, Xinjiang, Sichuan and Inner Mongolia ranking in the top five; their combined stock accounts for 76.2% of the total (Figure 4_3).
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4.1.3 Trends in the development of organic livestock and poultry farming
Figure 4-4 shows the production status of China's main organic livestock and poultry from 2009 to 2014. The number of organic pigs was smaller than that of organic cattle, organic chickens and organic sheep. The number of organic pigs was relatively stable, basically maintaining a range of 150,000 to 220,000 head. The number of organic cattle showed a clear increasing trend, but dropped in 2014. The farming of organic chickens basically maintained a range of 1.1 million to 1.5 million birds. The number of organic sheep was the largest, but the farmed quantity was unstable, fluctuating over the six-year period.
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4.2 Development status of organic aquaculture in China
4.2.1 Overview of organic aquaculture development
According to the Organic Product Certification Catalogue, aquatic products are divided into four categories: aquatic plant products, live fish, crustaceans and invertebrates, and aquatic vertebrates. In 2014, a total of 340 organic aquatic product certificates were issued, comprising 301 organic certificates (88.53%) and 39 conversion certificates (11.47%). Live fish certificate were the most numerous at 169, followed by crustaceans and invertebrates (104), aquatic vertebrates (42), and aquatic plants (25) (Fig. 4-5).
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In 2014, the total production of aquatic products was 29.4 tonnes, of which aquatic plant products (mainly marine kelp and laver, etc.) accounted for 187,000 tonnes, representing 63.7% of the total certified aquatic products; followed by live fish (freshwater and marine fish) at 71,000 tonnes, accounting for 24.0%, of which 97.4% were freshwater fish. Crustacean and invertebrate products amounted to 36,000 tonnes, accounting for 12.2%. The production volume of aquatic vertebrates (soft-shelled turtles) was 561 tonnes, accounting for a very small proportion of only 0.2%. Regarding the proportion of conversion-period products and organic products, the proportion of conversion-period products was less than 1% among the three categories of aquatic plant products, live fish, and crustaceans and invertebrates; however, for aquatic vertebrate (soft-shelled turtle) production, apart from the low output, 45.5% of the products were conversion products (Figure 4-6).
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Figure 4-7 shows the top ten organic aquatic products by number of certificates issued in China in 2014. Among the ten aquatic products, there are six types of live fish, three types of crustaceans and invertebrates, and one type of aquatic vertebrate (soft-shelled turtle). Bighead carp, silver carp, grass carp, and others are common freshwater fish in China; in 2014, the certificate numbers were 97, 76, and 56, with 95, 75, and 55 certified enterprises respectively. Soft-shelled turtles, Chinese mitten crabs, sea cucumbers, and others had 13 to 39 certificate, with 13 to 38 certified enterprises.
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4.2.2 Regional distribution of organic aquaculture
In terms of organic aquaculture production areas, Shandong has the largest output, reaching nearly 173,000 tonnes, of which aquatic plant products—namely kelp—account for 159,000 tonnes. Hubei, Liaoning,福建 (Fujian) and Jiangsu rank second to fifth respectively. Hubei's organic aquatic products are mainly freshwater fish, Liaoning's aquatic products are dominated by sea cucumbers and shellfish, while Fujian and Jiangsu focus on seaweed-based aquatic plant products. Organic fish have the widest production range, being produced in 24 provinces and municipalities, whereas aquatic plant products are only produced in 7 coastal provinces and municipalities including Shandong, Fujian, Zhejiang and Liaoning (Figure 4-8).
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4.2.3 Organic aquaculture development trends
Figure 4-9 is a trend chart showing the change in the production volume of organic aquatic products in China from 2009 to 2014. In terms of total output, the production of aquatic products still showed a year-on-year growth trend, increasing from 17 tonnes in 2009 to 32 tonnes in 2011, and subsequently remaining at around 300,000 tonnes for the following three years. Among them, the production volume of aquatic plant products increased year by year, remaining above 160,000 tonnes from 2012 to 2014, making it the product with the highest output in aquatic product production. The production of live and fresh fish was dominated by freshwater fish, and the changes from 2009 to 2013 were relatively stable, basically remaining at around 100,000 tonnes, before dropping to 71,000 tonnes in 2014. In contrast, the production of crustaceans and invertebrates fluctuated considerably, showing an upward trend in both 2009–2011 and 2012–2013. As for aquatic vertebrate products, which mainly refer to the production of soft-shelled turtles, the output of such products has always been very low; there was no production in 2009, only 4,000 to 5,000 tonnes in 2010 and 2011, reaching an output of 10,000 tonnes in 2013, and dropping to just 561 tonnes in 2014.
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4.3 Certification status of organic processed products
4.3.1 Overview of organic processed product development
In the Organic Products Catalogue, processed organic products are divided into 20 categories according to the national economic industry classification: meat products and by-product processing; aquatic product processing; processed or preserved vegetables; fruit and vegetable juices; processed and preserved fruits and nuts; vegetable oil processing; vegetable oil processing by-products; processed liquid milk or cream; other dairy products; grain milling; starch and starch products; processed feeds; bakery products; flour products such as noodles; food not elsewhere classified; Baijiu; fermented wine such as wine and fruit wine; beer; other natural fibres for spinning; and clothing. In 2014, all processed product categories except beer were produced and certified.
In 2014, the number of organic certificates issued for organically processed products stood at 3,602, comprising 3,146 organic certificates and 456 conversion certificates, with 3,477 certified enterprises. Grain milling had the highest number of certificates issued at 1,570, involving 1,516 certified enterprises; this was followed by food not elsewhere classified with 834 certificates issued and 805 certified enterprises. Processed products with over 100 certificates issued also included vegetable oil processing, processing and preserving of fruit and nuts, processing and preserving of vegetables, meat product and by-product processing, and fermented alcoholic beverages such as wine and fruit wine (Figure 4-10).
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In 2014, the total output of organically processed products stood at 2.284 million tonnes. Among these processed products, milled cereals accounted for the highest output at 953,000 tonnes, representing 41.71 per cent of the total output of organically processed products, with rice (flour) and wheat flour being the main components;Processed liquid milk or cream ranked second, at 451,000 tonnes, accounting for 19.81 per cent; processed animal feed ranked third, at 244,000 tonnes, accounting for 10.71 per cent.These three categories of products accounted for 72.2% of the total processed output (Figure 4-11).Among these processed products, transition-phase products accounted for 4.8% of the total grain milling products, whilst the proportion of transition-phase products within both processed liquid milk or cream and processed feed was less than 1.2%.
The production of vegetable oil processing by-products, noodle and other grain flour products, baijiu, vegetable oil processing, and processed or preserved vegetables ranged from 50,000 to 100,000 tonnes, accounting for 2.2% to 4.1%; the production of fruit and vegetable juices, starch and starch products, meat products and by-product processing, etc., was less than 50,000 tonnes, accounting for less than 2.0%.
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4.3.2 Regional distribution of organic processed products
In 2014, organic processed products were produced in all 33 municipalities, provinces, and autonomous regions except Macau. Organic processed products were mainly distributed in the Northeast and North China regions, with western provinces such as Guizhou and Xinjiang also recording high output (Figure 4-12). Overall, the distribution of processed products matched that of crop production.
The top five provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in terms of organic processed product output are Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Guizhou, Liaoning and Hebei respectively. The combined output of these five regions is 1.734 million tonnes, accounting for 75.9% of the total output. Inner Mongolia has the highest output at 0.779 million tonnes, which includes 0.415 million tonnes of processed liquid milk and cream, and 0.215 million tonnes of processed animal feed. Heilongjiang Province ranks second with an output of 0.324 million tonnes, focusing on the processing of rice flour, corn flour and vegetable oil, with rice flour accounting for 0.170 million tonnes. Guizhou's output is 0.291 million tonnes, primarily focusing on the processing of wheat flour, convenience foods and baijiu.
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4.3_3 Development Trends of Organic Processed Products
Figure 4-13 shows the trend in the production volume of organic processed products in China from 2009 to 2014. In terms of production volume, the output of organic processed goods mostly ranged between 2.0 million and 5.0 million tonnes. Compared to 2013, the production of organic processed products in 2014 decreased by 580,000 tonnes, a decline of 20.3%, which was mainly caused by a drop in the output of fruit and vegetable juices. The production of fruit and vegetable juices was 790,000 tonnes in 2013 and 20,000 tonnes in 2014 (organic aloe vera juice was approximately 750,000 tonnes in 2013, with no certification in 2014); the production of vegetable oil processing by-products decreased by 75,000 tonnes. Compared with 2013, the production of processed feed, milled grains, and treated liquid milk or cream increased in 2014, with rises of 149,000 tonnes, 98,000 tonnes, and 66,000 tonnes respectively. From 2009 to 2014, the proportion of conversion period products remained within the range of 3.0% to 7.5%.
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